2025全景回顾 | 脉冲消融:心律失常治疗的新纪元

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脉冲消融(pulsed field ablation,PFA)作为近年来心律失常治疗领域最具突破性的技术之一,正引领着心脏电生理治疗从热消融时代迈向精准电穿孔时代。该技术通过微秒至纳秒级的高压电脉冲,在细胞膜上形成不可逆的电穿孔,从而实现心肌组织的选择性消融,显著降低了食道、血管及神经损伤风险。相较于传统热消融技术,PFA在提升手术安全性的同时,以其快速、高效的特点大幅缩短了手术时间与学习曲线。目前,PFA已在心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)治疗中广泛应用,成为阵发性及持续性AF消融的重要选择。然而,其临床应用远不止于此——在室上性心动过速、室性早搏,乃至更为复杂的心律失常如病理性室性心动过速(ventricular tachycardia,VT)、复发房性心律失常等复杂病例中,PFA同样展现出令人瞩目的潜力和前景。

 

心房颤动:从技术验证到治疗策略的演进

 

肺静脉隔离(pulmonary vein isolation,PVI)是AF导管消融的基石。在脉冲消融技术发展的初期阶段所设计的花瓣型、网篮状、环形等PFA导管,均以实现稳定且持久的PVI为主要目标。2018年,Reddy等[1]首次报道了PFA治疗AF的人体试验,在15例患者中实现了100%的即刻PVI成功率,且术中无严重并发症发生,为这一领域开启了新纪元。随后的多项观察性研究进一步验证了其可靠性,不同类型的PFA导管在临床应用中均显示出100%的即刻PVI成功率,术后3个月的持久隔离率也维持在84.8%至100%[2-5]。而ADVENT研究[6]、SINGLE SHOT CHAMPION研究[7]和InsightPFA研究[8]等随机对照研究首次证明了在阵发性AF患者中PFA的疗效不劣于射频消融或冷冻消融,从而确立了其在AF消融领域的技术地位。

 

然而,对于持续性AF的患者,单纯PVI往往难以实现理想的长期节律控制。PersAFOne研究[9]首次评估了PFA在持续性AF中的疗效,术式为PVI加左房后壁隔离,其中52%的患者同时还进行了三尖瓣峡部消融,初步探讨了PFA在线性消融与基质改良方面的应用潜力。术后82天的电生理检查显示,PVI远期成功率为96.5%,左房后壁隔离率为100%。多项观察性研究进一步表明,PFA治疗持续性AF的1年成功率为51.5%-74.6%[10-15]。尽管如此,目前仍缺乏高质量随机对照研究进一步证实PFA在该人群中的疗效优势。为此,本团队目前正在进行的PRAISE研究(ChiCTR2500107157),旨在通过一项多中心、前瞻性、随机、开放标签、非劣效性临床试验,基于“2C3L”消融策略,比较PFA和射频消融治疗持续性AF的安全性和有效性。此外,该研究还将进一步评估不同能量对线性消融的有效性和安全性,为临床实践提供更安全、更有效的治疗方案。随着局灶性PFA导管的应用,PFA在心房扑动[16]及术后复发的复杂房性心律失常[17-19]治疗中受到了广泛关注,其在左房后壁[14, 20]、三尖瓣峡部[21, 22]、二尖瓣峡部[23-26]、永存左上腔[27-29]等特定部位消融的安全性与有效性正逐步被探讨。尽管这些初步研究显示出较高的即刻成功率,但PFA在复杂消融策略中的远期疗效、损伤持久性,仍需通过更大规模、更长随访期的研究(如NCT05408754,NCT05717725,NCT06791629)进一步验证。

 

室性心律失常:突破透壁损伤的瓶颈

 

对于壁内起源的室性心律失常,即使采用对吻射频消融(如联合心内膜与心外膜消融),常因无法实现透壁性损伤而失败。PFA产生的损伤是基于组织的介电性,穿透能力强,其在VT领域的应用潜力也备受期待。动物试验已初步验证PFA在心室肌不同部位的心内膜和心外膜侧消融的可行性与有效性,且无论是在正常心肌还是存在既往瘢痕的组织区域,PFA均能产生深度达5毫米以上的透壁性损伤[30-35]。目前临床上,小样本研究初步证实PFA在治疗室性早搏(premature ventricular contraction,PVC)及器质性VT,尤其是既往射频消融失败的病例中,具有一定的安全性与有效性[36-38]。VCAS试验[39]首次评估了一种专为VT设计的高压点状PFA导管(>10kV的单相波形,脉冲持续时间<200ms),其平均病灶深度达12.5±3.3mm,病灶内小动脉结构保持完整。在26例器质性VT患者中,随访6个月的成功率高达81.8%,且通过心内膜和心外膜同步标测,在仅接受心内膜消融的患者中(9/9, 100%)均观察到心外膜侧透壁性损伤。这一突破性进展,为治疗壁内起源的室性心律失常提供了全新且有力的工具。

 

笔者所在团队的初步经验也印证了其潜力。我们尝试使用局灶性PFA治疗既往经心内、外膜联合射频消融失败的壁内起源病理性VT,取得了较高的急性成功率。其中一例29岁男性患者,因“发作性心悸2月余,1月前晕厥1次”入院,心电图提示为左室侧壁起源的VT,入院心电图为PVC二联律,且同VT形态一致。心内膜、心外膜联合激动标测提示心内膜与心外膜面激动不显著提前,较QRS波仅提前15ms,之前尝试心内、外膜联合射频消融不成功。在心内膜侧应用局灶性PFA消融后,PVC消失且未再诱发VT。术后心脏磁共振证实了透壁性损伤的形成,且患者随访1个月无VT和PVC复发。基于上述初步成果,本团队计划开展REPAIR-VT研究,将进一步系统评估脉冲消融用于既往消融失败的壁内起源室性心律失常的有效性与安全性。

 

现有研究表明,PFA有望推动病理性VT消融进入一个新时代,为解决VT治疗的“瓶颈”问题(尤其壁内起源或者关键峡部在壁内的VT)提供新的手段。当然,如同在房颤领域的应用,其长期疗效、安全性以及在不同亚组患者(如不同病因、不同病灶位置)中的应用价值,仍需更大规模、更长期的临床随访研究证实。随着导管设计与能量方案的持续优化,PFA有潜力成为治疗复杂室性心律失常的重要武器。

 

室上性心动过速:在精准消融与安全之间寻求平衡

 

PFA因其组织高选择性,使其在室上性心动过速中的应用中展现出其独特优势,尤其是在邻近传导系统区域的消融中。早期动物试验显示,在希氏束进行PFA可出现一过性三度传导阻滞,但Masson染色显示消融部位普通心肌细胞坏死而希氏束细胞未见显著损伤[40]。2023年,四川华西医院发表了首个在房室结折返性心动过速(atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT)患者中应用PFA的临床研究结果[41]。该研究共纳入30例AVNRT患者,急性成功率达100%,且在6个月随访期间未发生永久性房室传导阻滞或其他严重不良事件。随后的多项观察性研究[42-45]进一步验证了PFA在室上性心动过速(包括AVNRT和房室折返性心动过速)中的安全性和有效性,尽管其急性和远期成功率高,但部分患者出现了不同程度的一过性的房室传导阻滞。目前,PFA电场强度与心脏传导系统损伤阈值之间的确切关系尚未完全阐明,因此在希氏束旁等区域进行消融时仍需极为谨慎。

 

此外,笔者所在团队已成功应用点状PFA导管,安全有效地治疗了起源于无冠窦、心耳、心外膜侧Bachmann束的房性心动过速,这为PFA应用于更为复杂、特殊部位的房性心律失常提供了新的实践依据。总体而言,PFA为室上性心动过速的治疗提供了新的选择,但其在关键区域的精准应用参数、长期安全性以及更广泛适应证的确立,尚待更深入的研究和更长期的随访数据来验证。当然,多数室上速在诊断清楚后,消融并不复杂,PFA的效率优势不明显。

 

未来展望:在机遇与挑战中前行

 

PFA作为一种基于非热消融方式,在显著降低“蒸汽爆破”、心房-食管瘘等传统热消融相关并发症风险的同时,亦展现出良好的组织选择性。然而,随着临床应用的不断拓展与病例数的积累,PFA特有的并发症正逐渐显现。目前,PFA导致膈神经损伤、冠状动脉痉挛以及围术期溶血相关急性肾损伤等风险已引起临床重视[46, 47]。虽然总体并发症发生率较低,但近期报道的PFA术后迟发猝死案例为我们敲响了警钟[48],提示PFA并非绝对安全,其潜在风险的复杂性和不可预测性使我们在临床应用中仍需审慎。因此,不推荐“盖章式”的广泛消融(尤其在使用多极脉冲电极时)。

 

尽管PFA面临安全性方面的深度审视与技术层面的持续挑战,PFA的未来发展仍充满希望。通过不断优化导管设计和消融参数,在未来有望突破现有局限,实现透壁、连续、精准的消融效果,推动心律失常治疗向更安全、更高效、更个性化的方向发展。

 

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审稿专家:龙德勇 教授

 

 

专家简介

主任医师,教授,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院。

心律失常中心主任、中华医学会心血管病分会委员、北京医学会心血管病学分会常委、中国心律学会副主任委员。

 

 

医学博士,荣获2021年住培医师规范化培训年度考核“良好等次”、南方医科大学20222年学业奖学金一等奖、2021-2022学年“优秀研究生”荣誉称号、2023届“优秀毕业生”等荣誉称号,主要从事心律失常方面的临床研究,多次参与国内外会议交流并进行壁报展示,于APHRS、长城会进行口头交流,以第一作者于SCI及中文核心期刊发表数篇文章。

 

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